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分析的形而上学

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定价:¥22.00

  • 出版时间:2003年08月
  • 页数:406页
  • ISBN:7-100-03734-4
  • 主题词:分析形而上学
  • 人气:54

显示全部后记

  本书初稿完成于二零零一年夏。后作为讲稿在给本科生和研究生开设的课程上使用。在讲课过程中我对其进行了必要的修改。

  关于形而上学,尽管不同的人有不同的理解,但是从其始源和历史上的主流倾向上看,它是分析的。不过,为了避免引起不必要的误解,我最后还是将本书定名为《分析的形而上学》。

  按照原来的计划,本书是北京大学哲学系教材系列中的一本,但是成书后发现写得过于专门和复杂,再加上其他原因,最后我决定将其从该系列中撤出。陈小文先生获知此事后建议将其拿到商务印书馆出版。后来,王希勇先生帮忙促成此事。

  本书的写作得到了“北京大学创建世界一流大学计划”支持。


                              韩林合

                             北京大学哲学系

                             2002年10月7日

显示全部内容简介

  形而上学是所有哲学分支的基础,从古希腊的亚里士多德开始,迄今已经二千年历史。研究的深度和广度不断扩展。本书研究当代西方哲学两大派之一的分析哲学对形而上学问题的研究,内容包括同一性,变化与持存、个体、性质与关系,因果关系以及可能世界等等,叙述了很多颇富启发性的论述。

显示全部目 录

<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">导论 形而上学的本性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">0.1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 亚里士多德的理解</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">0.2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 中世纪哲学家及近代理性主义哲学家的理解</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">0.3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 当代的理解</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">章 存在与同一性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">1.1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 存在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">1.1.1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 亚里士多德式存在观:存在是一种性质</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">1.1.2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 康德</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">―</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">弗雷格</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">―</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">罗素式存在观:存在不是一级性质</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">1.1.3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 哲学家们对康德</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">―</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">弗雷格</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">―</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">罗素式存在观的批评</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">(Ⅰ)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">      存在可以是真正的一级性质</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">1.1.4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 哲学家们对康德</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">―</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">弗雷格</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">―</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">罗素式存在观的批评</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">(Ⅱ)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">      存在可以是非真正的一级性质</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">1.1.5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 哲学家们对康德</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">―</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">弗雷格</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">―</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">罗素式存在观的批评</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">(Ⅲ)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">      存在只能是一级性质</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">1.1.6</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 不同意义的存在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   附论:存在与谓述</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">1.2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 同一性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">1.2.1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 同一性悖论及其解决途径</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">1.2.1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 同一性的一般标准</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">1.2.3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 相对的同一性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">章 变化与持存</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">2.1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 个体事物之变化与持存</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">2.1.1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 关于持存的两种理论:整存论和分存论</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">2.1.2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 性质上的变化</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">2.1.3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 部分上的变化</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">2.2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 人的历时同一性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">2.2.1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 身体标准及其困难</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">2.2.2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 心灵标准及其困难</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">2.2.3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 身体标准和心灵标准所面对的进一步的困难:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">      导致二律背反</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">章 个体、性质和关系</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">上</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">)

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">3.1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 实在论</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">3.1.1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 属性一致和谓述</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">3.1.2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 没有得到例示的共相</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">3.1.3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 复杂共相</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">3.2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 特普论</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">3.3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 唯名论</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">3.3.1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 谓词唯名论和概念唯名论</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">3.3.2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 简约唯名论</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">3.3.3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 类唯名论</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">3.3.4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 相似唯名论</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">章 个体、性质和关系</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">下</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">)

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">4.1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 关于个体的束理论</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">4.2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 关于个体的支撑物理论</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">4.3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 亚里士多德式的个体论</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">章 事实、事态与事件</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">5.1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 事实与事态</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">5.2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 事件</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">5.2.1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 戴维森的事件观</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">5.2.2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 齐硕姆的事件观</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">5.2.3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 金在权的事件观</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">5.2.4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 本内特和劳姆巴德的事件观</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">5.2.5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 蒯因的事件观</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">5.2.6</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 路易斯的事件观</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">6</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">章 因果关系</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">6.1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 休谟的因果观</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">6.2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 麦吉的因果观</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">  <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>6.2.1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 事物本身中的因果性:因果规则性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">  <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>6.2.2 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">因果观念:必要条件分析</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">6.3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 路易斯的因果观</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">  <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>6.3.1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 反事实条件因果观</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">  <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>6.3.2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 哲学家们对反事实条件因果观的批评</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">  <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>6.3.3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 作为影响关系的因果关系</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">  <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>6.3.4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 概率论因果分析</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">6.4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 莱辛巴哈和撒佩斯的概率论因果分析</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">7</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">章 还原、突生和伴生</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">7.1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 还原与突生</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>7.1.1</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 机械还原论和突生论</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>7.1.2</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 概念还原论和推导还原论</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">7.2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 伴生</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>7.2.1</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 弱单域伴生和强单域伴生</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>7.2.2</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 寰球伴生</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>7.2.3</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 多域伴生</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">   </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>7.2.4</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 伴生物理主义</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">8</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">章 可能世界</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">8.1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 莱布尼茨的可能世界观</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">8.2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 维特根斯坦的可能世界观</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">8.3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 路易斯的可能世界观:模态实在论</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">  <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>8.3.1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 可能世界的孤立性、现实性、具体性和充裕性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">  <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>8.3.2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 跨界同一性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">  <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>8.3.3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 本质性质和偶然性质</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">  </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">  <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>8.3.4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 可能世界概念的用途</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">8.4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 哲学家们对路易斯可能世界观的批评</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">8.5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> 普兰廷加的可能世界观:现实论</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">参考书目</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">

</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">后记</SPAN>